Liquidation Industry Glossary
Common merchandise, packing, shipping and purchasing terms
The liquidation industry uses specialized terms to describe merchandise conditions, inventory, lot sizes, packaging and shipping. Use this glossary to better understand Via Trading listings and purchasing information.
Definitions are provided as general guidance. Terminology can vary between retailers, suppliers and programs. The description and terms shown on the individual Via Trading listing always control.
Merchandise Conditions
Customer Returns
Products that were purchased by consumers and then returned to a store or online retailer. Customer Return loads can include merchandise in a wide range of conditions, including new, open-box, used, incomplete, damaged and non-working products.
Customer Returns may require inspection, sorting, testing, cleaning, repair or repackaging before resale.
Defective
Merchandise identified as non-working, damaged, incomplete or otherwise unsuitable for conventional resale without repair or additional processing.
Defective products may still have value as repairable merchandise, replacement parts, salvage or recyclable material.
Irregulars
Generally new merchandise with manufacturing imperfections, cosmetic blemishes or quality-control issues. Depending on the product category, Irregulars may also be described as “imperfect,” “seconds,” or “scratch-and-dent” merchandise.
Master Case
New merchandise packed in its original manufacturer’s case or factory packaging. Master Case products are generally complete, unused and retail-ready, although buyers should always review the individual listing.
The term can describe both the condition of the merchandise and the way it is packaged.
New Overstock
New, unused excess inventory that was never sold to a consumer. New Overstock may come from retailers, manufacturers, importers or distributors with surplus, discontinued, previous-season or excess merchandise.
New Overstock is also sometimes called Overstock or Closeout merchandise.
Pre-Worn
Clothing, footwear or accessories that have previously been worn or used. Pre-Worn merchandise may require sorting, grading, cleaning or other preparation before resale.
Refurbished
Products that have been inspected, tested and restored to working condition. Refurbished products may be packaged in original or generic packaging and may show minor signs of previous use.
The refurbishment process, included accessories and warranty coverage can vary by program.
Shelf Pulls
Products that were offered for sale in a store or online but removed from active inventory without being purchased by a consumer.
Shelf Pulls are generally new and unused but may have retail labels, clearance stickers, damaged packaging, signs of handling or minor cosmetic imperfections.
Tested-Working
Merchandise that has been tested and considered functional based on the testing described in the listing.
Tested-Working does not necessarily mean new, cosmetically perfect, complete or covered by a warranty. Testing procedures can vary by program.
Inventory and Listing Terms
Actual Images
Photographs of the specific merchandise, pallet or load being offered for sale. Actual images show the inventory available at the time the photographs were taken but may not display every item or every condition represented in the lot.
Assorted Merchandise
A mixture of different products, categories, styles, sizes, models or brands sold together in one lot.
The degree of assortment varies by listing. Buyers should review available manifests, images and descriptions for more information.
Closeout
Merchandise being sold below its original wholesale or retail value because it is discontinued, overstocked, seasonal or otherwise being cleared from inventory.
Closeouts are generally new, but the listing should be reviewed for the specific product condition.
General Merchandise
A broad assortment of consumer products that may include several departments or categories, such as housewares, toys, apparel, electronics, seasonal goods, home products and other merchandise.
Hash
An informal liquidation-industry term for a highly assorted lot containing small quantities, sometimes only one or two units, of many different products.
HBA
An abbreviation for Health and Beauty Aids. This category may include cosmetics, personal-care products, toiletries and related merchandise.
Liquidation Merchandise
An umbrella term for products being sold through a liquidation or secondary-market channel.
Liquidation merchandise can include Overstocks, Shelf Pulls, Customer Returns, discontinued products, seasonal goods, closeouts and other excess inventory.
Listing
A specific Via Trading offer containing information about the merchandise, condition, lot size, price, location, manifest status, images and applicable purchasing terms.
Load
A quantity of merchandise grouped and sold together. A load may contain one or more pallets and can range from a smaller multi-pallet lot to a full truckload.
The exact quantity and configuration are identified in the individual listing.
Lot
A defined group of merchandise sold as one purchase. A lot may consist of a case, pallet, several pallets, a truckload or another quantity specified in the listing.
Make an Offer
A buying option that allows a registered buyer to submit an offer on an eligible listing. The seller may accept, decline or counter the offer.
Submitting an offer does not reserve the merchandise unless we confirm the order.
Manifest
A list or data file describing the merchandise expected in a pallet or load.
Manifest information is generally provided directly by the retailer or merchandise source. A manifest may contain product descriptions, item or model numbers, quantities, categories, original retail values and other available inventory data.
Manifest detail varies by retailer and program. Buyers should expect slight discrepancies between liquidation manifests and the merchandise received, including occasional differences in quantities, descriptions or other manifest details. Unless the listing expressly guarantees otherwise, a manifest is not a guarantee of condition, functionality, completeness or current resale value.
Manifested
A listing accompanied by an itemized manifest describing the merchandise expected to be included in the lot.
Partially Manifested
A listing for which a manifest or inventory summary covers only part of the merchandise or provides limited product-level information.
Unmanifested
A listing sold without an item-by-item manifest. Buyers evaluate Unmanifested merchandise using the available description, category, source, condition, images and program information.
Original Retail Value
The recorded or original full retail value assigned to the merchandise by the retailer or supplier.
Original Retail Value is not necessarily the current market value, wholesale value or expected resale value. Actual resale prices depend on product condition, demand, location, competition and selling channel.
Private Label / Store Brand
A brand owned by or produced specifically for a retailer rather than sold as an independent national brand.
Product Category
The primary merchandise classification assigned to a listing. Liquidation loads often contain a broader mix, so a significant portion of the merchandise may fall outside the assigned category. Listings may also be assigned to more than one category when the merchandise mix warrants it. When available, always review the manifest for the actual merchandise mix.
Program
A liquidation inventory offering available in meaningful volume, typically consisting of the same or similar type of merchandise. A program may be available on a recurring or consistent basis, or it may represent a large one-time inventory opportunity with multiple loads or lots available for purchase.
Representative Images
Images used to show the general type, assortment, packaging or condition of merchandise commonly found in a program.
Representative images are examples and do not necessarily show the exact products included in the available lot. A listing should identify when images are representative rather than actual.
Retail-Ready
Merchandise generally considered suitable for resale with minimal additional preparation.
Retail-Ready does not necessarily guarantee perfect packaging, current demand, a particular selling price or acceptance by every resale platform.
Seasonal Goods
Products associated with a particular season, holiday or period of demand, such as patio furniture, heaters, Halloween merchandise, winter clothing or holiday decorations.
SKU
An abbreviation for Stock Keeping Unit. A SKU is an internal code used to identify and track a particular product or listing.
Unit
One individual item or sellable product within a case, pallet or load.
Unit Count
The number of individual products expected to be included in a lot. Unit counts may be exact or estimated depending on the listing and program.
Packing and Lot-Size Terms
Bin
A large open cardboard container used to hold loose merchandise. A bin is generally shorter than a full-size Gaylord container.
Dimensions and construction can vary.
Case Pack / Case Lot
A quantity of products packed and sold together in a case. Case Packs are commonly used for smaller merchandise such as apparel, cosmetics, accessories, toys and household products.
A Case Pack may contain identical products or an assortment, depending on the listing.

Full Truckload
A shipment that uses most or all of a truck or trailer. Full Truckloads are generally shipped directly from the stated origin to the buyer’s delivery location.
The number of pallets or amount of merchandise can vary based on product dimensions, weight, loading method and trailer capacity.

Gaylord
A large, heavy-duty cardboard container placed on a pallet and used to hold or transport loose merchandise.
Gaylords are available in different sizes and are commonly used for apparel, footwear, accessories and other assorted products.
Handloaded / Floor-Loaded
Merchandise loaded directly into a truck or ocean container without pallets. Handloading can maximize available space but generally requires additional labor and time to unload.
Multi-Pallet Lot
A single listing containing two or more pallets sold together as one lot.

Pallet
A wooden, plastic or composite platform used to support and transport merchandise. Pallets are commonly moved using a forklift or pallet jack.
A standard U.S. pallet is often approximately 48” × 40”, but pallet sizes, heights and weights can vary considerably.

Pallet Lot
Merchandise grouped and sold by the pallet. A Pallet Lot may consist of one pallet or multiple pallets, as stated in the listing.

Skid
A term commonly used interchangeably with Pallet. Technically, a skid generally has no bottom deck boards, while a pallet has both top and bottom deck boards.
Truckload
A large lot of merchandise intended to ship as a full or nearly full truck. Truckloads may be palletized, double-stacked, floor-loaded or configured using another loading method.

Shipping and Receiving Terms
Accessorial Charge
An additional freight charge for a service beyond standard commercial dock-to-dock transportation.
Examples may include liftgate service, residential delivery, limited-access delivery, inside delivery, redelivery, storage or an appointment requirement.
Bill of Lading (BOL)
The shipping document issued for a freight shipment. A BOL typically identifies the shipper, carrier, consignee, merchandise and shipment details.
Buyers or receiving personnel are generally asked to sign the BOL when the shipment is delivered. Visible damage or shortages should be documented before signing.
Blind Shipment
A shipment arranged so that the original supplier’s identity or contact information is not disclosed to the final recipient.
Blind shipping and Drop Shipping are related concepts but are not the same thing.
Carrier
The transportation company responsible for moving a shipment from its origin to its destination.
Commercial Delivery
Delivery to a business location that meets the carrier’s commercial-delivery requirements. A commercial address does not automatically mean that a loading dock or forklift is available.
Consignee
The person or business designated to receive a freight shipment.
Delivery Appointment
A scheduled date or time window arranged by the freight carrier for delivery. Appointment availability and carrier procedures vary.
Direct Shipment
Merchandise shipped to the buyer directly from a retailer, supplier, distribution center or third-party facility rather than passing through a Via Trading warehouse.
Double-Stacked
A shipping configuration in which one pallet is placed on top of another to increase the number of pallets transported in a trailer.
Not all pallets can be safely double-stacked. Product type, packaging, weight and pallet stability determine whether double-stacking is appropriate.
Drop Shipping
A fulfillment arrangement in which a seller accepts an order from a customer and a separate supplier ships the merchandise directly to that customer.
Drop Shipping does not automatically mean that the shipment will be blind.
FOB
A shipping term used on Via Trading listings to identify the location from which merchandise is available or expected to ship.
Unless otherwise stated, the buyer is responsible for arranging or paying for transportation from the stated FOB location. The listing, invoice and shipping quote determine the specific responsibilities that apply to the transaction.
Freight Claim
A formal request submitted to a freight carrier concerning merchandise lost, damaged or short during transportation.
Buyers should inspect shipments at delivery, photograph visible damage and record damage or shortages on the delivery paperwork before signing.
Freight Class
A classification used by many LTL carriers to help calculate shipping rates. Freight class can be affected by density, handling requirements, stowability and liability.
Full Container Load (FCL)
An ocean shipment using a full shipping container. Common container sizes include 20-foot and 40-foot containers, although other sizes and configurations are available.

Full Truckload (FTL)
A freight shipment that uses most or all of a truck or trailer and normally travels directly from its origin to the delivery destination.

Handloading
The process of manually loading individual products, cases or packages directly into a truck or container without pallets.
Less Than Container Load (LCL)
An ocean shipment that does not fill an entire shipping container and is consolidated with other cargo.

Less Than Truckload (LTL)
A freight service used when a shipment does not require an entire truck or trailer. LTL shipments commonly contain one or more pallets and may pass through multiple freight terminals before delivery.
LTL rates can be affected by shipment dimensions, weight, freight class, distance and additional services.

Liftgate
A mechanical platform attached to the rear of a delivery truck that lowers freight from the truck to ground level.
Liftgate service is generally required when the delivery location does not have a loading dock or forklift capable of unloading the shipment.
Limited-Access Location
A delivery location that a freight carrier classifies as requiring additional time, coordination or restricted access.
Examples can include schools, construction sites, storage facilities, places of worship, farms, military facilities and some secured properties. Carrier definitions and additional charges vary.
Loading Dock
A raised platform designed to align with the floor height of a truck or trailer, allowing freight to be loaded or unloaded using a pallet jack or forklift.
NMFC
An abbreviation for National Motor Freight Classification. The NMFC system classifies commodities for LTL freight transportation.
Ocean Container Load (OCL)
A term sometimes used to describe a full container of merchandise shipped by sea. Full Container Load (FCL) is the more commonly used freight term.

Residential Delivery
Freight delivery to a residence or a location classified as residential by the carrier. Residential deliveries may require an appointment, liftgate or additional carrier charges.
Self-Pickup / Customer Pickup
An order collected by the buyer or the buyer’s authorized carrier from the stated Via Trading or supplier location.
Depending on the pickup location, identification, vehicle requirements, loading procedures or an appointment may apply. Normal customer visits to Los Angeles and Tampa do not require an appointment.
Buying and Payment Terms
ACH
An electronic bank-to-bank payment processed through the Automated Clearing House network.
Account Manager
A Via Trading representative who assists buyers with listings, product programs, ordering and other account-related questions.
Balance Due
The remaining amount that must be paid after any deposit, credit or previous payment has been applied.
Credit Card Processing Fee
A fee that may apply when an order is paid by credit card. Applicable fees and payment limits are shown in Via Trading’s current Payment Options or disclosed before payment.
Deposit
A partial payment made toward an order. A deposit may be required to reserve merchandise or begin processing a transaction.
The applicable payment deadline and deposit terms will be provided with the order.
AS-IS
Merchandise sold in its current condition without a guarantee that every item is working, complete or retail-ready. Unless otherwise stated, liquidation merchandise is sold AS-IS and is subject to Via Trading’s Sales and Return Policies.
Final Sale
A transaction that cannot be returned or exchanged except as expressly allowed by the applicable listing terms or Via Trading’s Sales and Return Policies.
Payment Deadline
The date or time by which payment must be received to maintain or complete an order.
Resale Certificate / Seller’s Permit
Documentation used to establish that a buyer is purchasing merchandise for resale and may qualify to purchase without paying sales tax at the time of the transaction.
Names, requirements and validity rules vary by state and jurisdiction. Buyers are responsible for providing accurate and current documentation.
Sales Tax
A government-imposed tax that may apply to a purchase. Applicable sales tax depends on the transaction, delivery location and resale documentation provided by the buyer.
Volume Discount
A reduced price offered when a buyer purchases a specified quantity of merchandise. Eligibility and discount amounts vary by listing or program.
Wire Transfer
An electronic transfer of funds directly between financial institutions. Bank instructions and payment references must be followed carefully to ensure the payment is correctly credited.
No matching terms
Still Have Questions?
Understanding liquidation terminology can help you compare listings, estimate your processing requirements and select merchandise that fits your business.
For more information, visit:
- Product Conditions
- Customer Returns Buying Guide
- How Buying Works
- Shipping Information
- Sales and Return Policies
- Frequently Asked Questions
If you need help understanding a particular listing or term, contact your Via Trading Account Manager before purchasing.
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